tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31229605576775557892024-02-08T07:29:04.441-08:00PRINCIPLES OF TRANSLATION 1Assignment for subject Mr Sahrul..DLET 3003nurul farah hanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08759824059985428969noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3122960557677555789.post-38341153666380336132010-05-24T00:18:00.000-07:002010-05-24T04:23:13.736-07:00A MYSTERIOUS JOURNEY THROUGH SPACEOUR GREAT SPACESHIP<div><br /></div><div>The following is not a hypothetical question. It is real!</div><div><br /></div><div>Let's imagine a huge spaceship has been built-<span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 18px; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:11px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;">I will tell you where a similar spaceship can be found in a moment.</span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;">It can carry 500 passengers to anywhere in the universe at extremely high speed.</span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;">You are lucky to be chosen as one of the passengers in this advanced spaceship.</span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;">Each passenger can choose whatever they want to do on this ship while it travels through space.</span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;">What would you do?</span></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; font-family:Georgia, Times, serif;font-size:15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85); line-height: 18px; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:11px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Would you want to be the one who takes care and navigates this highly engineered spaceship?</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Or are you the type who likes to take care of the health of the passengers and </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">become the Medical person on board.</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><br /><br />A novel effort indeed!</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">May be you want to be the captain of this ship and manage the entire journey taking care of the ship as well as the passengers. Maybe, some of you may want to start a business on board making</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">a fortune at the end of the journey.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Well, do you know what I'll do?</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">I'll talk to the captain of the ship and tell him that I want to do nothing except to just sit by my window looking through my telescopes and binoculars and enjoy all the strange and mysterious things that passes by as we zip through space.</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">How about that?</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Would you like to join me and appreciate all the new things that come by?</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">I asked the same question to my Quantum Physics class of about 100 students recently and sensed a resounding "yes" from the floor which would otherwise be silent every time I posed a question.</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Now let's just imagine the spaceship is slightly bigger.</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Much bigger.</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Let's say it can carry many more passengers.</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Not 500 or 5000 but 5 billion passengers.</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">And I ask you the same question.</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">What would you prefer to do on such a spaceship?</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Would you still join me by the window and study all the great things that pass by.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">A 5 billion passenger spaceship is huge.</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">But then the earth has 5 billion on it and… yes we're actually on a spaceship that we call Earth.</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">This spaceship of ours in this solar system travels through the ever expanding universe which according to the Big Bang moves further and further away from its neighbours - like two points on the surface of an expanding balloon.<br /></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Probably the early species of Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus and of course the surviving Homo Sapiens (that's us) after dinner would sit by their "dwellings" and look up in the sky and wonder what is out there and why they are here on this spaceship, Earth.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><br /><br />So what is my point?</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><br />We still ask the same questions today.</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">As passengers on this mighty spaceship, our kids asked a lot of questions at their early age but asked less and less as they grow older. They lack the passion to pursue and understand nature, I mean basic science - mathematics, physics and astronomy, chemistry, biology etc.</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Of course the other subjects are equally important for the well being of our spaceship.</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><br />The present day Homo Sapiens may be involved in so many "complex affairs" and forget to ask basic questions about nature.</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Much of our present day technologies are the results of many generations of finding questions as well as providing answers about nature - things that pass by the window of our great spaceship - that was quickly captured by the great minds like Newton and Einstein.</span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">As the human race inches through to understand nature, for example nanotechnology, nanobiology, molecular electronics plus atoms, protons, quarks -charm, strange, beauty and down, gluons, mesons, leptons etc etc, more passengers sitting by the window will ensure the continuous charting of the wonderful things that pass by our great spaceship, screaming to be discovered.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span style=" ;font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><br />So to all you kids and over grown kids out there … let us join the great geniuses and minds of our past, present and future and sit by the window in this mysterious journey in our great spaceship.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span style=" ;font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span style=" ;font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">TRANSLATION</span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span style=" ;font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; font-size:medium;">SUATU PERJALANAN YANG MISTERI MELALUI ANGKASA</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; font-size:medium;">KAPAL ANGKASA KEBANGGAAN KITA</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; font-size:medium;">Berikut adalah bukan pertanyaan hipotesis. Hal ini adalah benar!</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; font-size:medium;">Cuba bayangkan sebuah kapal angkasa telah dibina. saya akan beritahu kepada kamu </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span style=" ;font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; "><span style=" ;font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style=" ;font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div></span></span>nurul farah hanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08759824059985428969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3122960557677555789.post-73314001572493485222010-05-16T15:55:00.000-07:002010-05-16T16:03:37.653-07:00Classes of English<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FFCC99;"><b>ACROLECTAL, MESOLECTAL AND BASILECTAL ENGLISH </b></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FFFF66;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FFFF66;">Acrolectal: Acrolectal Singaporean English exhibits an absence of or a much smaller degree of Singlish pronunciation features than do Mesolectal, Basilectal, and pidgin variants of Singlish.<br /><br />Mesolectal: This is mix between Standard English and Singlish. At this level, a number of features not found in other forms of English begin to emerge.<br /><br />Basilectal: This is the colloquial speech.[11] educated or not, in informal settings, and is the speech usually referred to as "Singlish". Here, one can find all of the unique phonological, lexical, and grammatical features of Singlish. Many of these features can be attributed to Asian languages such as the Chinese languages, Malay, or Indian languages such as Tamil, though some cannot.</span></span></div>nurul farah hanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08759824059985428969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3122960557677555789.post-21321831757090557132010-05-16T15:35:00.000-07:002010-05-16T16:27:42.210-07:00STRONG and WEAK VERBS<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">There is more to strong and weak verbs than meets the eye. The distinction is clear. Strong verbs take a vowel change in the past tense. Weak verbs need only a suffix, usually </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">-ed</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">.</span></span></span></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 21px; font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: normal; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 21px; font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">More often though, there’s a genuine choice. Take </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">hang</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">. Game or meat is </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">hung</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">. A human being is </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">hanged</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">. There are numerous contexts for</span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">hang</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"> (curtains, laundry, pictures) and only one for </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">hanged</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">.</span></span></span></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 21px; font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">Then, </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">swelled </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">or </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">swollen</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">? A financial column refers to “foreign reserves, now swelled by oil exports”. You can have either. I go along with Burchfield, who reckons that </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">swollen</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"> implies harmful or undesirable, while </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">swelled</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"> is more neutral. (“The audience was swelled by the arrival of two coachloads of tourists.”) Context is everything here: a river</span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">swollen</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"> by heavy rainfall is dangerous. But </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">swelled head</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"> is always bad.</span></span></span></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 21px; font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">Spin</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">, </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">spun</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">, </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">spun</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"> is almost standard. But </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">span</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"> used to be an equal choice for the past tense. It is now rarely seen – “a deviant minority form”, says </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">M.E.U. </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">– but I have noted it in the current press. </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">Span</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"> can only be used of physical movement though – “he span the celestial globe gently”.</span></span></span></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 21px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; "></span></span></span></span></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 21px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">If </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">spin</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"> takes on its special modern sense through </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">spin-doctor </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">– a public relations expert employed by a politician or a firm to influence public opinion – then the past tense is always </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">spun.</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">There is something archaic, or slightly jarring about </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">span</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"> which makes it unsuitable for contemporary use.</span></span></span></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 21px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">Then there are oddities of the past tense. </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">Learned </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">has the alternative</span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">learnt </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">(with the same vowel sound). For </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">kneel, </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">the past is </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">kneeled </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">or</span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">knelt. Dream </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">has a standard weak past, </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">dreamed </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">(rhymes with</span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">creamed</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">)</span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">. </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">But </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">dreamt</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"> (rhymes with </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">tempt</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">) is also correct.</span></span></span></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 21px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"> I believe I use both forms indifferently. There is no real distinction, but Burchfield suggests that </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">dreamt</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"> is more common in British English than American.</span></span></span></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 21px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; "></span></span></span></span></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 21px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">Which brings us to the great divide. Strong and weak usage is not entirely common to both sides of the Atlantic. I was reminded of this by a recent report of the US Attorney General, that prisoners had “pled guilty”.</span></span></span></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 21px; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">Pled</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"> (past tense of </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">plead</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">) is standard American, but is used only in legal contexts. Outside the law courts, </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">plead</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"> reverts to its normal weak past tense, </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">pleaded, </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">in American and British</span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">. “</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">She pleaded to be allowed to go home early.”<i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"><i></i></span></span></span><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 21px; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">Dove</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">, past tense of </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">dive</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">, is entirely American and is making no impression at all on non-American usage. It may be that a strong verb, if felt to be odd or outlandish, arouses a reaction against it. A weak verb, on the other hand, seems to fit in more easily.</span></span></span></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 21px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">A case in point is </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">snuck</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">, past tense of </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">sneak</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">. This used to be dialect or colloquial American, and is now standard American. British English sticks to </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">sneaked</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">. I’d say that </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">snuck</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"> has to non-American ears a definite ‘strong’ (in the general sense) sound. To be avoided.</span></span></span></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 21px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; "></span></span></span></span></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 21px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">And there are subtleties in </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">slay</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">, </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">slew</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">, </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">slain</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">. This is a bold, colourful word from a rich poetic tradition, more American than British now but providing a good headline: ‘Serial killer slays seven youths.’</span></span></span></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 21px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">However, I see that the weak form is now making headway. </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">The Times</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">had a Wimbledon headline, ‘The gigantic giant-killer who slayed the man we love to hate.’ (This was of Karlovic vs Hewitt.)</span></span></span></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 21px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">As I type this, my computer warns me with red underlining that it disapproves of “slayed”. But the weak past tense is coming in. And there’s a slang sense of </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">slay</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;"> that is used of a comedian, to overcome with laughter. “He slayed the audience.”</span></span></span></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 21px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">I can see no hidden rules in all this. There are simply oddities to be taken note of, and the occasional choice to be made. I think I detect a slight general tendency to favour the weak form – the strong is perhaps a touch too ‘strong’. It is best to consult the latest dictionary.</span></span></span></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 21px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF99FF;">referred from article by Ralph Berry</span></span></span></p></span><p></p></span><p></p><p></p></div>nurul farah hanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08759824059985428969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3122960557677555789.post-12458483452605937942010-05-13T23:29:00.000-07:002010-05-16T16:25:09.118-07:00HOMONYM AND HYPONYM<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#33FFFF;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b>Hyponymy</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#33FFFF;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span><br />Hyponymy is a relation between two words in which the meaning of one of the words includes the meaning of the other word. The lexical relation corresponding to the inclusion of one class in another is hyponymy.<br /><br />A hyponym is a subordinate, specific term whose referent is included in the referent of super ordinate term.<br /><br />E.g. Blue, Green are kinds of color. They are specific colors and color is a general term for them.<br /><br />Therefore, color is called the super ordinate term, and blue, red, green, yellow, etc are called hyponyms.<br /><br />A super ordinate can have many hyponyms. Hyponymy is the relationship between each lower term and the higher term (super ordinate). It is a sense relation. It is defined in terms of the inclusion of the sense of one item in the sense of another. E.g. The sense of animal is included in the sense of lion.<br /><br />Hyponymy is not restricted to objects, abstract concepts, or nouns. It can be identified in many other areas of the lexicon.<br /><br />E.g. the verb cook has many hyponyms.<br />Word: Cook<br />Hyponyms: Roast, boil, fry, grill, bake, etc.<br /><br />Word: color<br />Hyponyms: blue, red, yellow, green, black and purple.<br /><br />In a lexical field, hyponymy may exist at more than one level. A word may have both a hyponym and a super ordinate term.<br /><br />For example,<br />Word: Living<br />Hyponym: bird, insects, animals<br /><br />Now let’s take the word bird from above hyponyms.<br />Word: Bird<br />Hyponyms: sparrow, hawk, crow, fowl<br /><br />We thus have sparrow, hawk, crow, fowl as hyponyms of bird and bird in turn is a hyponym of living beings. So there is a hierarchy of terms related to each other through hyponymic relations.<br /><br />Hyponymy involves the logical relationship of entailment. E.g.<br />‘There is a horse’ entails that ‘There is an animal.’<br /><br />Hyponymy often functions in discourse as a means of lexical cohesion by establishing referential equivalence to avoid repetition.<br /><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#33FFFF;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Homonymy</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#33FFFF;"><br /><br />The word Homonym has been derived from Greek term 'Homoios' which means identical and 'onoma' means name.<br /><br />Homonyms are the words that have same phonetic form (homophones) or orthographic form (homographs) but different unrelated meanings.<br /><br />The ambiguous word whose different senses are far apart from each other and are not obviously related to each other in any way is called as Homonymy. Words like tale and tail are homonyms. There is no conceptual connection between its two meanings.<br /><br />For example the word ‘bear’, as a verb means ‘to carry’ and as a noun it means ‘large animal’.<br /><br />An example of homonym which is both homophone and homograph is the word ‘fluke’. Fluke is a fish as well as a flatworm. Other examples are bank, an anchor, and so on. </span><br /></span>nurul farah hanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08759824059985428969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3122960557677555789.post-77847035925498527692010-05-13T02:00:00.000-07:002010-05-13T19:11:39.853-07:00Translate The Text (SL) Into Bahasa Melayu (TL)<p class="MsoNormal">Did you think that</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I would really take you back </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Let you in back in my heart </p> <p class="MsoNormal">One more time, oh, no no</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Did you think I’d still care </p><p class="MsoNormal">That there’d be more feeling there</p><p class="MsoNormal">Did you think you could walk back </p><p class="MsoNormal">In my life, oh</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">So you found you missed the love you</p><p class="MsoNormal">threw away</p><p class="MsoNormal">Baby, but you found it out too late,</p><p class="MsoNormal">too late</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">And so you know the way it feels to cry</p><p class="MsoNormal">The way that I cried when you broke my </p><p class="MsoNormal">world in two</p><p class="MsoNormal">And baby I learned the way to break a </p><p class="MsoNormal">heart</p><p class="MsoNormal">I learned from the best, I learned from you</p><p class="MsoNormal">Oh baby, now, I learned from you</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">I remember cold nights</p><p class="MsoNormal">Tears I thought would never dry</p><p class="MsoNormal">How you shattered my world</p><p class="MsoNormal">With your goodbye, your goodbye</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Would a sold my soul then</p><p class="MsoNormal">Just to have you back again</p><p class="MsoNormal">Now you are the last thing on my mind</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Now you say you're sorry and you've</p><p class="MsoNormal">Changed your ways</p><p class="MsoNormal">Sorry but you changed your ways too</p><p class="MsoNormal">late</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">So when all you've got are sleepless </p><p class="MsoNormal">night</p><p class="MsoNormal">When those tears are clouding up your</p><p class="MsoNormal">eyes </p><p class="MsoNormal">Just remember it was you</p><p class="MsoNormal">Who said goodbye, who said goodbye</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">I learned from the best</p><p class="MsoNormal">I learned from you</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Adakah kau benar-benar berfikir bahawa </p><p class="MsoNormal">Aku benar-benar akan menerima kau kembali</p><p class="MsoNormal">Membiarkan kau kembali ke dalam hatiku</p><p class="MsoNormal">Sekali lagi, oh, tidak tidak</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Adakah kau fikir aku masih peduli</p><p class="MsoNormal">Bahawa masih ada lagi perasaan itu</p><p class="MsoNormal">Adakah kau fikir kau boleh kembali</p><p class="MsoNormal">Ke dalam hidupku, oh</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Jadi, kau sedari kau merindui cinta </p><p class="MsoNormal">yang telah kau buang jauh</p><p class="MsoNormal">Sayang, tapi kau dapati ianya telah terlalu </p><p class="MsoNormal">terlalu lambat, terlalu lambat</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Dan kini, kau tahu bagaimana rasanya derita</p><p class="MsoNormal">Derita yang aku lalui ketika kau musnahkan hidupku</p><p class="MsoNormal">Dan sayang, aku belajar cara untuk mengecewakan sebuah hati</p><p class="MsoNormal">Aku belajar daripada yang terbaik, aku belajar darimu</p><p class="MsoNormal">Oh sayang, sekarang, aku telah belajar dari mu.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Aku ingat lagi, malam yang dingin itu</p><p class="MsoNormal">Tangisan yang tak mungkin kering</p><p class="MsoNormal">Bagaimana kau musnahkan hidupku</p><p class="MsoNormal">Dengan kata-kata selamat tinggalmu, kata-kata selamat tinggalmu</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Akan aku jualkn jiwaku hanya </p><p class="MsoNormal">Untuk menerimamu kembali</p><p class="MsoNormal">Sekarang kaulah perkara terakhir dalam fikiranku</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Dan kau meminta maaf dan kau</p><p class="MsoNormal">sudah berubah</p><p class="MsoNormal">Maaf,kau berubah terlalu lambat</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Jadi apabila semua yang kau dapat hanyalah</p><p class="MsoNormal">malam yang sunyi</p><p class="MsoNormal">Apabila tangisan mengaburi matamu</p><p class="MsoNormal">Ingatlah itu kau</p><p class="MsoNormal">Kau yang telah ucap selamat tinggal, yang telah ucap selamat tinggal</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Aku belajar dari yang terbaik</p><p class="MsoNormal">Aku belajar darimu</p>nurul farah hanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08759824059985428969noreply@blogger.com0